By: Julius Okanta and Candela Iglesias

Since the COVID-19 pandemic, I feel that people around me are a lot more alert concerning outbreaks around the world than they used to.

Do you experience the same thing among your circle of friends outside the global health arena?

I field a lot of questions on whatever virus has been in the news recently, so at Alanda we try to keep our audience informed on what’s going on through our social media and newsletter.

In case you have been asked the same questions, here are some answers we’ve been sharing on what to know about:

The mpox outbreak in Africa, with the World Health Organisation declaring it a public health emergency of international concern earlier this year.
The surge in vector borne diseases, especially in North and South America (dengue fever and oropouche virus)

Mpox Virus

What is mpox?

Mpox, previously known as Monkeypox, is caused by a virus related to the one responsible for smallpox, a disease that is now eradicated. Mpox is nowhere as alarming as smallpox, yet it can cause severe disease and death in a proportion of cases.

Why the concern?

In 2024, there has been increased reports of mpox cases primarily in Africa, with some cases also reported in other global regions. As of October, there have been 42,438 cases of mpox (8,113 confirmed cases) and at least 1,100 deaths in Africa [1]. Mpox is currently spreading through two main variants, Clade Ia and Clade Ib.

What are the symptoms?

The most characteristic symptom is a Mpox rash that starts as flat, discolored spots (macules), then develops into small, raised bumps (papules), turning into fluid-filled blisters (vesicles), which become pus-filled sores (pustules). Finally, the sores form hardened crusts (scabs) as they heal. Other symptoms may include: swollen lymph nodes, fever and chills, headache, backache, fatigue, and muscle aches and backaches [2].

How is Mpox spread (transmitted)?

From animal to human: Mpox can be transmitted through direct contact with fluids, waste, or scratches/bites from infected animals like mice, rats and squirrels. Consuming infected animals is less common, but precautions should include cooking meat thoroughly.
From human to human: Mpox spreads through skin-to-skin contact with rashes or scabs that are not healed, contact with bodily fluids like saliva or mucus, sexual contact involving rashes on genitals, and direct interactions like talking or kissing [3].

How to prevent the spread of Mpox?

Take precautionary measures, practice good hygiene and engage in safe sexual practices. For long-term protection, vaccines are recommended for high-risk individuals, though supplies are limited in affected regions.

If you experience Mpox symptom’s contact your local health center or physician. If you are a healthcare worker, ensure you understand symptoms, the modes of transmission and wear personal protective equipment.

Dengue

What is dengue fever?

Dengue is a viral infection that spreads from mosquitoes carrying the four serotypes of dengue, DENV, to people. It is endemic in tropical and subtropical climates.

Dengue fever cases on the rise

About 12.4 million cases of dengue have been recorded in 2024 so far. This is alarming as this year’s numbers are about twice the number of cases recorded last year (6.5 million) [4]. Brazil, Peru, and Mexico are among the hardest hit, with cases rising rapidly. The United States, where Dengue is rare, has also recorded a large increase in cases.

What accounts for the increase in cases?

Warmer temperatures, more rain and growing cities create perfect conditions for mosquitoes, increasing the chances of getting sick. Climate change is creating favorable conditions for mosquitoes to spread to new areas. This accounts for the new cases recorded in Europe and North America, which had no prior cases of dengue fever [5].

What are the symptoms?

Dengue infections are usually asymptomatic or cause mild flu-like illness. However, the virus can occasionally cause more severe cases, and even death [6].

Even moderate non life-threatening disease can be very debilitating with people reporting intense joining and muscle pain requiring several weeks of rest.

Be aware of symptoms like high fever, bad headaches, pain behind the eyes, joint and muscle pain, rash, and mild bleeding. See a doctor if you notice these.

How do I prevent dengue fever?

The best way to prevent dengue is by using mosquito protection – controlling mosquito population and protecting yourself from mosquito bites. Use mosquito repellent, wear long sleeves, and get rid of standing water around your home where mosquitoes can breed.

Are there any treatments?

There is no specific treatment for dengue. Pain relievers are used to manage the symptoms of dengue. Follow your doctor’s instructions, rest and keep hydrated. Be alert to any change or increase in symptoms and call your doctor immediately.

Oropouche virus

What is oropouche virus?

Oropouche virus disease is considered a neglected tropical disease. It is transmitted by an insect called a midge, and through some mosquito species. Cases are common in the Amazon region in Brazil.

Why is it on the radar now?

Recently, over 8,000 cases have been confirmed (almost ten times more than in 2023) including in areas with no previous history of the disease, and in five countries (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, and Peru).

In addition, for the first time, cases of potential transmission of the virus during pregnancy have been reported, which may be related to miscarriages, fetal death and congenital abnormalities (this is still being researched).

What are the symptoms?

If you catch the Oropouche virus, symptoms are similar to having a bad flu – fever, headaches, muscle pain, and tiredness. The disease can be easily confused with dengue or chikungunya. In severe cases, there can be neurological symptoms.

Why is it spreading now?

Some likely suspects include climate change, deforestation, and rapid, unplanned urbanization, among others. These things make it easier for people to come into contact with the midges that spread the virus.

How can I protect myself?

While there isn’t a vaccine, nor specific treatment (just treatment of symptoms), there are ways to lower your chances of infection. The CDC recommends using insect repellent, wearing long sleeves, and using fine mesh screens on all your windows and doors if you live in an area at risk or where cases have been detected.